Agriculture extensification and associated socio-ecological trade-offs in smallholder farming systems of Zambia

One of the main drivers deforestation in Zambia is expansion agricultural land for increasing production areas and shift cultivation due to poor crop management practices. Land was also echoed by farmers Northwestern province as they aim increase yield via expansion. It therefore important understand possible associated socio-ecological trade-offs extensification identify pathways improve ecosystem services delivery reduce trade-offs. We used Tradeoff Analysis model Multi-Dimensional (TOA-MD) Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) assess both current future farming systems under (CP) sustainable agriculture intensification (SAI). Thirty-year simulations showed that will lead loss soil organic carbon) total nitrogen about 23% 22%, respectively leading reductions 35% increased poverty levels. However, SAI approach results can be reduced 20% with holdings 3 ha while those 2 5 10% 5% respectively. The proposed has potential poverty, maintain good production, potentially aid opening new fields.